O doksastycznej naturze wiedzy

Autor

  • Rafał Palczewski Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu,

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14394/filnau.2018.0011

Abstrakt

The paper is devoted to the doxastic nature of knowledge, represented in the traditional epistemology by the belief condition (part of the so-called JTB definition of knowledge) that one can only know what one believes. The article is divided into four parts, in which various arguments against the doxastic nature of knowledge are discussed and rejected. The first part starts with general linguistic and pragmatic reflections on the relation between knowledge and belief, and ends with a discussion of some problematic epistemic-doxastic conjunctions and implications. The second part deals with linguistic problems related to the difference between epistemic and doxastic attributions, e.g., in erotetic and evaluation contexts. The third part is concerned with the accuracy of thought experiments, i.e., descriptions of possible situations in which a person knows but does not believe. The fourth part focuses mainly on doxastic ambiguity (e.g., dispositional vs.occurrent belief, thin vs. thick belief), context sensitivity, and vagueness, including the notions of half-belief and in-between belief. The conclusion is that the belief condition is well-founded, but it should take a more precise form: one can know what one dispositionally and thinly believes.

Bibliografia

Almeder R., Arrington R. (1977), Mannison on Inexplicable Knowledge and Belief, "Australasian Journal of Philosophy" 55(1), 87-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048407712341101
Audi R. (1994), Dispositional Beliefs and Dispositions to Believe, "Noûs" 28(4), 419-434.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2215473
Beebe J. R. (2013), A Knobe Effect for Belief Ascriptions, "Review of Philosophy and Psychology" 4(2), 235-257.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-013-0132-9
Black C. (1971), Knowledge without Belief, "Analysis" 31(5), 152-158. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/31.5.152
Bogusławski A. (1989), "*Dlaczego wiemy, za co powinniśmy kochać Pana Profesora?" — dlaczego*?, "Acta Philologica" 19, 5-25.
Bogusławski A. (1994), Czy wiedza, że p, pociąga za sobą inny stan mentalny? [w:] J. Pelc (red.), Znaczenie i prawda, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 391-411.
Bogusławski A. (2004), Mianowicie jako deklaracja rzeczowego potwierdzenia [w:] A. Morozow, M. Wiśniewski (red.), Studia z gramatyki i semantyki języka polskiego, Toruń: Wydawnictwo UMK.
Bogusławski A. (2005), On Danielewiczowa's Panorama of Epistemic Verbs. A Gloss with Draft Amendments, "Lingua Posnaniensis" 47, 21-38.
Bogusławski A. (2007), A Study in the Linguistics-Philosophy Interface, Warszawa: BEL Studio.
Bogusławski A. (2010a), A Note on Two Dogmas in Pragmatics, "Journal of Pragmatics" 42, 2826-2835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.02.008
Bogusławski A. (2010b), 'Więcej' wśród aspektów prymitywu 'wie, że', "Linguistica Copernicana" 3(1), 23-79. https://doi.org/10.12775/LinCop.2010.002
Bratman M. E. (1992), Practical Reasoning and Acceptance in a Context, "Mind" 101(401), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/101.401.1
Brownstein M., Michaelson E. (2016), Doing without Believing. Intellectualism, Knowledge- How, and Belief-Attribution, "Synthese" 193(9), 2815-2836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-015-0888-9
Buckwalter W., Rose D., Turri J. (2015), Belief through Thick and Thin, "Noûs" 49(4), 748-775. https://doi.org/10.1111/nous.12048
Campbell C. A. (1967), Towards a Definition of Belief, "The Philosophical Quarterly" 17(68), 204-220. https://doi.org/10.2307/2218155
Chmielarczyk W., Galicka M., Kamińska G., Kornblit M., Pruszyński A., Skoneczna I., Szymańska W. (2011), Wprowadzenie do ontologii humanistycznej, speo.coi.pl/pdf/1111_onkologia.pdf.
Ciecierski T. (2013), Nastawienia sądzeniowe, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Cohen L. J. (1989), Belief and Acceptance, "Mind" 98(391), 367-389. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XCVIII.391.367
Danielewiczowa M. (2002), Wiedza i niewiedza. Studium polskich czasowników epistemicznych, Warszawa: Katedra Lingwistyki Formalnej UW.
Dartnall T. (1986), Radford Revisited, "The Philosophical Quarterly" 36(144), 395-398. https://doi.org/10.2307/2220194
Egré P. (2017), Knowledge as de re true belief?, "Synthese" 5(194), 1517-1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1115-z
Engel P. (1998), Believing, Holding True, and Accepting, "Philosophical Exploration" 1(2), 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10001998058538695
Ginet C. (1975), Knowledge, Perception, and Memory, Dordrecht: Reidel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9451-1
Ginzburg J. (1995), Resolving Questions I, "Linguistic and Philosophy" 18(5), 459-527. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985365
Goldman A. I. (2002), Pathways to Knowledge, Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0195138791.001.0001
Hazlett A. (2010), The Myth of Factive Verbs, "Philosophy and Phenomenological Research" 80(3), 497-522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00338.x
Hetherington S. (2011), How to Know. A Practicalist Conception of Knowledge, Wiley- Blackwell.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118083178
Hirschberg J. (1985), A Theory of Scalar Implicature, niepublikowana praca doktorska, University of Pennsylvania.
Horn L. R. (1989), A Natural History of Negation, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jones O. R. (1971), Knowing and Guessing. By Examples, "Analysis" 32(1), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/32.1.19 https://doi.org/10.2307/3327277
Kratzer A. (2002), Facts. Particulars or Information Units?, "Linguistics and Philosophy" 5(25), 655-670. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020807615085
Lehrer K. (1968), Belief and Knowledge, "Philosophical Review" 77(4), 491-499. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183013
Lehrer K. (1990), Theory of Knowledge, Boulder–San Francisco: Westview Press.
Lenzen W. (1978), Recent Work in Epistemic Logic, "Acta Philosophica Fennica" 30(1), 1-219.
Makinson D. (2008), Od logiki klasycznej do niemonotonicznej, tłum. T. Jarmużek, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK.
Mannison D. S. (1976a), 'Inexplicable Knowledge' Does Not Require Belief, "The Philosophical Quarterly" 26(103), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.2307/2219131
Mannison D. S. (1976b), Why Margolis Hasn't Defeated the Entailment Thesis, "Canadian Journal of Philosophy" 6(3), 553-559.
Margolis J. (1972), The Problem of Justified Belief, "Philosophical Studies" 23(6), 405-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00355533
Mizumoto M. (2008), Does Knowledge Entail Belief?, "Kagaku Tetsugaku" 41(1), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.4216/jpssj.41.1_59
Murray D., Sytsma J., Livengood J. (2013), God Knows (But Does God Believe)?, "Philosophical Studies" 166(1), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-012-0022-5
Myers-Schulz B., Schwitzgebel E. (2013), Knowing That P without Believing That P, "Noûs" 47(2), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1111/nous.12022
Nagel J. (2013), Knowledge as a Mental State [w:] T. S. Gendler, J. Hawthorne (eds.), Oxford Studies in Epistemology. Volume 4, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 273-308.
Palczewski R. (2004), Klasyczna definicja wiedzy a logika epistemiczna [w:] Wokół filozofii logicznej, J. Malinowski, A. Pietruszczak (red.), Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK, 79-122.
Palczewski R. (2013), Czy wiedza jest normą asercji?, "Ruch Filozoficzny" 70(2), 289-306.
Palczewski R. (2014), Wiedza w kontekstach. W obronie kontekstualizmu epistemicznego, t. I, II, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK.
Palczewski R. (2015), O aletycznej naturze wiedzy, "Filozofia Nauki" 89(1), 99-145.
Palczewski R. (2016), O odwoływalności implikacji pragmatycznych, "Przegląd Filozoficzny" 98(2), 271-285.
Price H. H. (1969), Belief, London: Allen and Unwin.
Radford C. (1966), Knowledge — by Examples, "Analysis" 27(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2307/3326979 https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/27.1.1
Rose D. (2015), Belief is Prior to Knowledge, "Episteme" 12(3), 385-399. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2015.21
Rose D., Schaffer J. (2013), Knowledge Entails Dispositional Belief, "Philosophical Studies" 166(1S), S19-S50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-012-0052-z
Ryle G. (1949), The Concept of Mind, London: Hutchinson (Czym jest umysł?, tłum. W. Marciszewski, Warszawa: PWN, 1970).
Schwitzgebel E. (2001), In-between Belief, "The Philosophical Quarterly" 51(202), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00215
Schwitzgebel E. (2015), Belief [w:] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, E. N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/belief.
Skoczeń I. (2016), Czy modny i sprawiedliwy mogą mieć ze sobą coś wspólnego? — czyli kilka słów o thick terms, thick concepts oraz thick properties, "Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej" 1(12), 55-63.
Sorensen R. A. (1982), Knowing, Believing, and Guessing, "Analysis" 42(4), 212-213. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/42.4.212
Spector B. (2013), Bare Numerals and Scalar Implicatures, "Language and Linguistics Compass" 7(5), 273-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12018
Stępnik A. (2009), Klasyczna definicja wiedzy a świadomość posiadanych przekonań, "Studia Philosophiae Christianae" 45(2), 139-154.
Tollefsen D. P. (2003), Rejecting Rejectionism, "ProtoSociology" 18-19, 389-405. https://doi.org/10.5840/protosociology200318/1916
Veber M. (2014), Knowledge with and without Belief, "Metaphilosophy" 45(1), 120-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/meta.12055
Vendler Z. (1972), Res Cogitans. An Essay in Rational Psychology, Ithaca–London: Cornell University Press.
Von Fintel K. (2004), Would you Believe it? The King of France is Back! (Presuppositions and Truth-Value Intuitions) [w:] Descriptions and Beyond, M. Reimer, A. Bezuidenhout (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 315-341.
Williamson T. (2000), Knowledge and its Limits, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Pobrania

Opublikowane

2018-06-30

Jak cytować

Palczewski, R. (2018). O doksastycznej naturze wiedzy. Filozofia Nauki, 26(2), 55–94. https://doi.org/10.14394/filnau.2018.0011